MenLiposuction.net

Biosafety and Environment Biotechnology

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION

Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi, Balasore.

Technical challenge:

genetic change of agricultural seed, cotton, soybeans, corn, potato, rice and tree in the forest.

Prologue
The point of all the macabre covers much discussed today in the world is invasion of good science, "biotechnology" in almost every corner of the biosphere and almost turned bad science ", thanotechnology 'to each element of concern that they live and to accelerate the pace of total annihilation biosphere.It all started with a little-known episode in 1980, the decision of the Supreme Court in Diamond VRS. Chakrabarty, where most of the top U.S. court has decided that biological life was legally patentable.
History
Anand Mohan Chakrabraty a microbiologist and an employee General Electric Company (GE) has developed a type of bacteria that could ingest oil from oil spills. GE rushed a patent in 1971, which was rejected lower life forms are not patentable. GE to court and won. In 1985, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) ruled Chakrabraty that the decision could be extended to all plants, seeds and plant tissues or the entire plant kingdom.

U.S. company WR Grace was granted 50 U.S. patents India Neem tree, which they even patented the indigenous knowledge of medicinal Neem products (it has since stabilized "biopiracy"). In 1988, the PTO granted patents on animals Harvard professors, and Timothy A. Philip Lader Stewart, who had created a transgenic mouse with genes chickens and humans. In 1991, the PTO for the grant of the patent human stem cells and later human genes. Biocyte obtained a European patent in all umbilical cord cells from fetuses and newborns, even without the permission of the donors. "European Patent Office (EPO) received applications from the University Baylor to the patentability of the women who had been genetically modified to produce proteins in their mammary glands of GE.

Baylor University essentially sought monopoly rights over the use of human mammary glands to manufacture pharmaceuticals. They also tried to patent blood cells of indigenous peoples of Panama, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. In a decade in power Chakrabarty the "Supreme Court U.S. has revolutionized research and development of biotechnology involving microbes to human beings who have led them to be stigmatized as bad science "Thanotechnology" in the next decade and hated in the world. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology companies involved in biotechnology rapidly Agriculture has been granted patents on seeds, small seed companies to buy, destruction of their arsenals Seeds and its replacement by genetically modified seeds. In the last decade, several companies have taken control of the monopoly on seeds from around the world, such as soy, corn and cotton (used in processed foods with cottonseed oil). Consequently, almost two thirds. these processed foods showed some GM ingredient has been in.

However, even without markings, consumers concerned Americans were aware of these widespread food companies in biotechnology. Immediately, they were aware that a citizen held away from genetically modified foods and have organized to convince regulators to require such markings. Surprisingly, risk assessors U.S. bureaucratic turned a blind eye to evil motives biotechnology companies.
The point of interest
All genetic changes based on technology Recombinant DNA. Today's society is facing challenges not only unprecedented in the history of science but of all life on earth. GE's technology allows us to compare the benefits biotechnology companies focused on the ability to redesign living organisms, products of three million years of evolution. In the words of Dr. George Wald, Nobel Prize (1967), Higgins Professor of Biology at Harvard University, "potentially could breed of animal and plant diseases, new, new sources of cancer and novel.
The Register
In 1989, dozens of Americans killed and thousands more were affected and disturbances due to ingestion a version of GM food supplement L – tryptophan. A $ 2 billion was paid by Showa Denko, third in Japan. largest chemistry (Mayen and Gleich, 1994)

In 1996, Pioneer Hi-Bred splicing genes from Brazil nuts into soybeans. Some people are allergic to this nut if shock apoplectic that can cause death. Animal experiments have confirmed this danger and was quickly withdrawn from the market before there were deaths. In the words of Marion Nestle, HOD Nutrition at the University of New York "The next case could be far from ideal and the public less fortunate."

In 1994, United States Food and Drug Administration approved Monsanto r-BGH, a GE growth hormone, injected cows to improve milk production, although experts warn that increased the effect of IGF-1, a potent chemical hormone linked to 400-500% higher risk of breast cancer in men, prostate and colon cancer. According to Dr. Samuel Epstein of the University of Chicago, "induces the malignant transformation of mammary epithelial cells." Studies in rats have confirmed the suspicions and suffered damage to internal organs if swallowed r-BGH. Even the FDA's own testing showed increased spleen weight of 46%, a State which is the prelude of "leukemia. argument that the substance is damaged by pasteurization Withdrawal by two Monsanto scientists clean, Elasser Ted and Brian McBride, who revealed that only 19% of the hormone are destroyed after 30 minutes of boiling (Pasteurization takes only 30 seconds.) Although Canada, the European Union, Australia, New Zealand and even the United Nations Codex Alimentarius refuse to approve GE hormones, the same can be freely marketed in the United States by Monsanto. It was found that two bureaucrats U.S. , Namely, Margaret Miller and Michael Taylor in the U.S. FDA who helped Monsanto r-BGH overcome the barrier of the risk factors were, in fact, early employees Monsanto.

Several other GM products approved by the FDA in the United States means that herbicides are commonly known as "carcinogens" ie – "bromoxiny'l use of Bt cotton, corn, Monsanto" Round-up glufosinate or used in modified soya and canola. Sharyn Martin a researcher, has expressed the view that a number of autoimmune diseases are enhanced by foreign DNA fragments that come with food genetically modified organisms that are not completely digested in the stomach and intestine of man. These DNA fragments absorbed in the blood is mixed with normal DNA by recombination and therefore unpredictable. These DNA fragments were found GM soybeans and other GM products on the market.
Fear Factor
Joe Cummins, Emeritus Professor of Genetics University of Western Ontario said, "the cultures of the resistant virus to become the pillar of the biotechnology industry. These crops have genes from viruses of foreigners that are genetically modified to allow the plants to resist virus attacks. Most fruits, vegetables and baby foods marketed in the States United are in this category. Laboratory. Experiments have shown that "the viral genes in GE foods can lead to new virus – the virus more lethal than crops have been protected, which is quite alarming.
In 1986, it was reported that genetically modified plants with TMV gene delayed the development of the disease and This report has opened the floodgates for resistance to a number of other viruses. But the fact is that the production of viral envelope proteins in cultures of GE does not block virus enters the plant cell, instead of transgenes is exposed to the nucleic acids of many viruses that are brought to the plant by insect vectors. A number of results the study are there to demonstrate that plant viruses can acquire a variety of viral genes from transgenic plants modified by recombination.
For examples,
* The defective gene red mosaic virus did not allow him to move from the cell into a cell and is not contagious, but is recombined with a copy of this gene in transgenic plants Nicotiana benthamiana, regenerated RCMVirus infectious.
* GE Brassica napus and Nicotiana bigelovii containing "gene-vi", a
activator cauliflower mosaic virus Travel (CaMV), which
recombined with the complementary part of a virus disappeared from the gene, and
produce new infectious virus in all GE plants.
* N. benthamiana expressing a segment of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (VMAC) gene recombinant protein layer more often with the defective virus lacking this gene.
* N. benthamiana was transformed with three different constructs containing the coat protein coding sequence of cassava in Africa mosaic virus (ACMV). The transformed plants inoculated with a deletion of capsid protein mutant induces mild systemic symptoms CAMV in control plants. Several of these transgenic lines inoculated plants developed severe systemic symptoms typical of ACMV confirming recombination has occurred between DNA and mutant viral DNA integrated construction of the production of progeny virus recombined with "wild type" virulence.

recombination CaMV, when and where?

CaMV 35 S gene promoter, the viral sequence is omnipresent in all cultures transgenic (GMO) in the workshops are already market or in field trials. This gene is necessary for all producers GM plant because it is the production of messages gene inserted genes to provide tolerance herbicide, insect resistance disease resistance, antibiotics and a host of other features known to improve the commercial quality of the crop. In the absence promoter this gene, "gene" inserted "is inactive, while in its presence the activity of genes maintaining a high level in all tissues plant, regardless of changing environmental conditions that could significantly affect the activity of "Indian Promoters of the harvest.

The two events in 1999 led by Professor Cummins and others to develop an independent global attention on these diseases can be alarming industrial scientists disastrous consequences. In fact, Professor Cummins in 1994 had questioned the safety of the environment from the release of a gene CaMV 35 s for GM plants. evidence experimental evidence that the frequency of genetic recombination of CaMV 35 S promoter of the gene was much higher than those of other viruses. When recombinant VMAC recovered from 3% N. VMAC benthamiana transgenic sequences containing, recombinant CaMV was recovered in 36% of N. begelovii GM.
Event -1. Scientists from the John Innes Research Institute published a paper showing that the CaMV 35 S has a recombination "hot spot" which means it is prone to break and return to associate with other pieces of genetic material, perhaps other viruses.
Event-2. Dr. Arpad Pusztai, a senior scientist working in the UK Govt. funded Institute Scotland's Rowett was fired from his job because he revealed the results of feeding trials suggesting that GM potatoes dangerous. Lab. Rats fed genetically modified foods have increased in the cells of the intestinal mucosa shows damage to the intestine Individuals not viral infection.
Scientists Mae-Wan Ho and Ryan Angel published an article in October 1999, Journal of Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease warning that the CaMV 35 s is interchangeable with promoters of other plant and animal viruses and promiscuity and works effectively in all plants, green algae, yeast and E. coli. Your hot spot recombination is flanked on multiple grounds and is similar to other recombinant vector hot spots such as the T-DNA of Agrobacterium, the other most widely used gene the production of transgenic plants. He also stated that he demonstrated in the laboratory. recombination between viral transgenes and infecting virus.
In an article published online in the journal European Food Research and Technology (2006) authors (Marit R. Myhre, and ..) claims to have constructed vectors of expression inserted CaMV 35 s against two reporter genes', encoding firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP), respectively, and carried out transient transfection experiments in enterocytes of man – like cell line Caco – 2 and found that 35 genes drive expression of CaMV s two reporter genes of "at significant levels.
Virus Super
Sponsor of the viral genes as CaMV 35 s can be mixed with other genes, viruses, bacteria and others, including retroviruses such as HIV and hepatitis B. CaMV is itself a retrovirus. With retro transposons genomes available in all facilities (which are mobile in nature) and multitude of viruses with the CaMV 35 s, the possibility of some super virus origin.

In a Canadian study, a plant infected with cucumber mosaic virus of patients (CuMV) that lacked a gene needed to move between plant cells, the crippled CuMV became active in less than two weeks – a test mixing of genes, having acquired the operations of large need of all – the test of "horizontal gene transfer.

The International Security Biotechnology Protocol signed by a majority of independent nations in Montreal in January 2000 will not help if things continue going in that direction.
Threat to antibiotics by plants
A large part of the application uses a genetic marker "of the track where the gene enters the cell. Use of GM corn plants a gene for ampicillin resistance. The British Royal Society has called for the prohibition of this marker, as it threatens to antibiotics vital.
The resurgence of infectious diseases
"The microbial ecology of health and disease," Journal reported that GM food crops in 1998 may cause a resurgence of infectious diseases. He cited the case of resistance to antibiotics, the formation of new virus strains and unknown, reduced immunity the body through food, etc changed so dramatically impact of bio-engineering with the genes. He also indicated the presence of horizontal gene transfer transgenic DNA in bacteria. He cited the case of bacteria in the mouth, pharynx and intestine Taking transgenic (viral) DNA of domestic animals in feed that can be easily transmitted to humans through their milk and meat.

Increase in food allergies
The loss of biodiversity in our food has increased in parallel with the increase in food allergy. case studies suggest that the mass of our body cells and the immune system seems to reject excess "Homogeneity of our
food. own analysis of the line of Monsanto glyphosate-resistant soybean has shown GM has a 28% increase Kuniz – an inhibitor of trypsin, a known allergen and an inhibitor of the nutrients.
Nutrition down
A study by Dr. Mark. Lappe in 1999 and published in the Journal of Medicinal Food has demonstrated that genetically modified foods have higher levels of nutrients – compounds of plant estrogen, in particular, to "protect the body against heart disease and cancer. A study on the consumption of GM Vita Faba, a Jewish family in soybean, caused elevated levels of estrogen. This situation is alarming, because it is used in baby foods. Milk from cows injected with r-BGH (GE GH) contains significantly higher levels pus, bacteria and cells fat.

Unnatural Foods
Sometimes Back Monsanto announced it had found "unexpected Gene Fragments" in its "Roundup Ready "soybeans. It is well known that proteins of the amendment is in all genetically modified protein intake by humans ever. Microbiologist DFA own "Dr. Louis J. Pribyl had in 1992, warned that pleiotropic (unwanted and / or uncontrolled) effects occur in GE plants at higher frequencies 30% of known and unknown toxic substances and changes undesirable levels of nutrients may escape breeders' attention. FDA biotechnologist Marayanski James also warned against the lack of consensus among FDA scientists about the "equality" of genetically modified foods compared unmodified foods with genetically modified.

Environmental Impacts
Genetic changes were detected in crops to increase production and reduce the use of toxic agrochemicals. But nothing
could be further from the truth. Professor David Ehrenfield, Professor Biology, Rutgers University rightly said, "which was released in the last decade with GM crops increase sales of agricultural chemicals in food production and dangerous without nutrients. Ontario (U.S.) Govt. study also showed that the use of herbicides has been increasing largely due to the cultivation of genetically modified plants.

Soil toxicity
All GM crops are designed to withstand all types of toxins such as herbicides and pesticides, etc, and these chemicals are sold by the biotechnology companies has been developed as genetically modified crops to increase sales of agrochemicals. Scientists like Golburg RJ predicted long ago that GM crops will triple the sale of toxic agrochemicals, and over the years, it becomes correct. According to the Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Round Monsanto chemical spray" out "(a herbicide), which already threatens 74 endangered species in the United States. It will attack other plants photosynthetic activity. Malcolm Kane (former security chief of the food chain Sainsbury's Super Markets) has revealed United States Govt. Monsanto raised to reflect the limits of pesticide residues in food as 6 ppm to 20 ppm. According to a study published by the University of California, glyphosate (the active ingredient in "round-up") is the third leading cause of diseases of agricultural workers. At least 14 people died of ingestion of "round-up.

Soil infertility and pollution
In Oregon, scientists have found that bacteria GM Klebsiella planticola, designed for the distribution of agricultural waste to produce ethanol and waste components such as compost – rendered the soil sterile. It removed essential nutrients such as nitrogen and nitrogen capture fungi died. A similar result was found with GM bacteria, Rhizobium melitoli. Professor Guenther Stotzky of New York University found that the same toxin that eliminates the Kings have also been released by the roots of GM plants and contaminated soil, which lasted until 18 months and soil microbial activity depressed. An Oregon study also showed that GM soil microbes killed wheat plants in the laboratory. when they are incorporated the ground.

The loss of seed sovereignty

Some time back to the U.S. magazine "Time" refers to the tendency companies seed mass to large companies buying small seeds, the destruction of varieties of seeds and their replacement by genetically modified and patented control of brands such as "death of birth." GM seed companies also get farmers signed contracts not to put their seeds – confiscation of its sovereign rights over seeds.

Super Weed

GM has been shown to remain active Bt endotoxin in soil to 18 months (Marc Lappe and Bailey Britt) and can be transported to the creation of evil super wild herbs that are resistant to pests – thus offsetting the balance of nature. Studies in the United Kingdom (Institute National Agricultural Botany) and Denmark (Mikkelsen, 1996) showed the growth of super weeds near a single generation. U.S. and UK studies also have demonstrated the weeds have been super glufosinate (herbicide). Another U.S. study showed 20 times more genetic difference with GM plants horizontal gene transfer. A French study has shown that GM canola could transfer genes from wild radish. According to the "new science" a farmer in Alberta, Canada, between 1997 and 1999, three fields planted with canola seeds from genetically engineered to produce only three different mutant weeds that were resistant to Monsanto's Roundup "Cyanamid" continuation "holder and" Freedom "means all proprietary herbicides.

GE super trees, the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem collapse

GM trees have been developed to withstand super high doses of herbicides in air to kill all surrounding life with the exception GM trees. These trees are in bloom for most non-sterile. Even trees Monsanto super emit toxic chemicals from their leaves to kill caterpillars, not only, but throughout the life of insects visit. In 2002, China planted millions of "poplar" Super trees to combat deforestation, monoculture forestry. These toxins exuded trees without flowers would end in the elimination of all insects flights (including bees and butterflies) to reduce the world of insects books to ragweed and earwigs. Planting in nature, not only causes the collapse of forest ecosystems, including fungi, insects, earthworms, birds and mammals, but also cause genetic contamination through gene flow transgenes intensive in nature and affect animal and human health. The case study of transgene flow and introgression of transgenes in the wild cultivar Reichman (JR and Watrud LS Molecular Ecology, 2006) can be cited which established the existence of transgenic plants in the wild in Oregon, USA. The case turned on glyphosate – Resistant bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) expressing the CP4 EPSPS gene from Agrobacterium sp. Strain CP4, which confers resistance to the herbicide glyphosate, transgenes have been found in agricultural habitats was not the test plots in the experimental study of Oregon.

Super Pest
Laboratory. Evidence suggests that the cotton worm, common plant pests become resistant to Bt sprays. The bug reported outbreak of North Carolina and Georgia is suspected of being linked to the facilities GE, loved by pests. Monsanto Company GE recommends spray one of the most deadly chemicals, methyl-parathion to combat the pest. Transgenic Bt cotton and other U.S. non-GE crops India and elsewhere, mainly due to pest problems, in addition to their desired and expected production failures. Bt cotton has been designed to kill pests such as caterpillars and worms caterpillars of America rose bud, but ended in the elimination of natural predators of these pests and because of these super pest parasites.

Kill beneficial insects
many field studies have shown genetically change does not kill beneficial insects such as Monarch butterflies, larvae (Cornell, 1999). Bt crops have killed the lacewings that are natural predators of cotton. Bees die when they feed of proteins in GM canola flowers and BT. cotton flowers.

Toxic to mammals
GM potatoes, spliced with DNA from plant snowdrop of the viral promoter (CaMV 35 s) was found to be toxic to mammals (like rats) damage to vital organs and immune system. Science has requested that all genetically modified by CaMV – 35 gene promoter to be withdrawn from commercial production.

Genetic pollution
Some GM crops are not flowers, but not all. transgenic pollen transported by wind, rain, birds, bees and other insects, fungus and bacteria causesevere genetic contamination. GM canola pollen, GE rapeseed and BT. the cotton can be moved several hundred meters and contaminating non-GM varieties and wild, even across species barriers causing horizontal gene transfer. It is postulated that ubiquitous promoter, CaMV 35 s, in fact, improve
horizontal gene transfer and recombination.

A U.S. study showed that 50% of wild straw berries that grow within 50 feet bay Straw GM acquired the marker genes from GM and another study showed 25-38% of wild sunflowers growing near GM crops, GM gene markers. Similar studies in Germany related to the GE oilseed rape and Thailand with respect to Bt cotton confirmed the U.S. findings.

Study conducted in England showed that GM-contaminated seed small wild honey
This means that bees carried pollen from genetically modified crops plantations and organic
Indians, who must show evidence of transgenic them.

Blue revolution a revolution in aquaculture is rapidly growing
that commercial fishing, salmon, trout and catfish are genetically
modified for the rapid growth in size (up to 39 X). This, in turn, clean
cousins in the wild. There are no regulations for the safety of non-GM and
native biodiversity and wildlife now.
Decline and Destruction of family farms and owners of small
In the U.S., the labor force in agriculture was 60% in 1850, 4% 1950 and less than 2% today. In 1935, there were 7 million farms that is now over two million dollars. decreases more or less they have taken place throughout the world. But the fact remains that these family farms and small holders of land between the products more than 60% of our food. This decrease its roots in the new GATT – WTO. Economic power and the legislative powers have been taken by new companies new agricultural order through the GATT – WTO-dominated world. Promotion genetically modified products in food is the activity of these agro. A large number of indigenous varieties of rice on the numbering of several thousand people already been lost in India two agricultural revolutions. The new world order can delete 1,00,000 traditional vanilla farmers in Madagascar and the Comoros by vanilla GM lakh more sugar cane farmers in the Third World by GE fructose. Sudan has long since lost its exports of gum arabic. An estimate conservative estimates place the figure at at least 14 billion U.S. dollars of synthetic substitutes for natural agricultural third world. There are attempts to grow food in large laboratories that eliminates the need for seeds, soil and even plants and move the task of food production in agricultural communities to the laboratories of GE.

Control and dependency
Terminator Technology: –
transgenic seed companies have been offered by the laws that farmers would not be entitled for storing and exchanging patented seeds. No farmers in seed collection and storage of seeds, which have developed and established technology, widely known as terminator technology "to ensure that the seeds become sterile after harvest. These seeds contain "Suicide" gene in male and female lines. Male infertility is caused by a gene (U.S. Patent no. 5,750,867 held by Aventis) from the bacterium called Bacillus amyloliquefeciens barnase "Encoding for a ribonuclease that causes the pollen" dead "cells in the absence of pollen meiosis to halve their chromosomes. In addition, a gene pollen lethal also used, which is expressed in complete development of male flowers in the pollen cells after meiosis, which prevents the pollen is formed. The female sterility gene (U.S. Patent no. 5,633,441 held by Aventis) is related to a selectable marker gene with its own promoter, so that the sterile plants female can be selected. The barnase gene terminator also include papain active protein, or fragment A of diphtheria toxin, gene markers the gene for resistance to herbicides are used or a gene that confers resistance to pests or disease, a gene for glucuronidase or GUS gene thuringiensis Bt (Bacillus) endotoxins. The main problem with the process of genetic use different constructions is that it produces a large number of genes that are integrated interference and genetic engineers can not manage their integration or multiplication, in turn, multiplies the uncertainty and unpredictability of GM crops. Many of the genes currently used in the production of transgenic crops, such as recombination and the terminator of the lethal genes are harmful to cells, including mammalian cells. Recombinase recombination sites involved in non-specific, which is causing large-scale genome assembly (ISIS News 7 / 8). In addition, synthetic genes GM and other buildings can be spread by horizontal transfer of genes from different species can not be controlled. This large-scale destruction of existing biodiversity evolved in nature to the forces of evolution.
Traitor technology: –
This is another patented bad marketed by modern agro whereby certain GM crops have controlled technology life cycle stages – the period of leaves, flowers and fruit – the influence of triggering certain chemicals. Therefore, a farmer is required to use these chemicals if he / she is a culture that pushes the child to deeper levels of economic dependence or the debt.
less diversity, quality, quantity and profits
The hopes raised by most misleading GM technology companies is that only GM crops will solve the world hunger. Worldwide studies have proven beyond any doubt that the monoculture of any culture in any place always gives less per acre as compaired for polyculture of several cultures – different seed dividers between rows of different locations in or near the same area. In a study of field trials, 8200 Round of soy Roundup Ready soybeans produced fewer bushels of non-GM cousin (Charles Benbrook, former director of the Council of Agriculture, the National Academy of Sciences). The average yield for soybeans GM not 51.21 bushels per acre, for the GM variety was 49.26. This was reconfirmed in a study by the University of Nebraska Institute of Agriculture Resources. Monsanto five different strains soybean was planted in four different places with different environments and soil types. Mr. Elmore noted that, on average, more expensive genetically modified seeds change produced 6% less than non-GM varieties and 11% less efficient than conventional crops. Even when the yield is higher (B. t. cotton in some field studies in the United States.) The cost of seeds and fertilizers reduce the net benefits significantly decreasing the cost-benefit depleted (B: C) Index of others. In agriculture, the cost-benefit is a very important factor which means the farmer sustainability. Decreased B: C ratio indicates economic decline of a farmer who has no income and can not continue for long in such agriculture.

Fragile future of agriculture: –

Biodiversity loss causes fragile agro farming. The case of the Irish famine of 1840 is a clear example of the importance of cultural diversity factor. When Irish farmers growing a few varieties, farmers in Peru were thousands of varieties and diversity if the constant recourse to the blight resistance in the culture of the potato. In the recent past, a similar situation occurred in Russia, where a more virulent strain of plague – Papa delay – Russia threatened the pope, usually have the ability to withstand the harsh Russian winter. Cancer Record endangered Florida Citrus $ 8,500,000,000 citrus industry in 2000. coca plants, mono-cultures and almost all identical, are also threatened by an international scourge. Therefore, the destruction rather than conservation populations of the diversity of seed crops by agro-GM to create a very dangerous situation and the future of agriculture is extremely fragile.

More pesticides and diminishing returns: –

Unlike the claims of Business field show that the best cultivation techniques GM – Use rich natural resources can always produce better crops resistant aa higher yields and more B: C ratios that GM crops. GM crops, over the years has required 2-5 times more pounds per acre of biocides that non-GM varieties that leads to drastic alterations of the environment environment.

Economic, political and social factor
The monopolization of food production –

There are about 1,500 large companies seed worlds, but a dozen of these control 50% of global commercial seed market. Big companies buy small seed and the seed companies use their faith clandestinely market. In 2000, five companies controlled 40% of the soybean seed market, three companies control 90% of corn seed market two companies control 75% of the cotton seed market and, therefore, the company has reduced and the monopolistic market control increases. Competing with the rules of the news of the GATT-WTO not only the number of peasant families are falling sharply, but net farm income annually. The average annual income of small farms relatives in the U.S. / Europe have fallen in the last decade rendered to families survive below the poverty line.

Impact of addiction food: –

When food production is monopolized, the future of their supply is dependent on the decisions of a small number of companies and their seed stocks effectively. Crop diversity is declining – lost in the developed world and currently in third world countries, except some pockets – like the potato in Peru and India rice varieties, especially in the Third World. Grocery Researchers indicate that if these indigenous territories remain disturbed the progress of biotechnology, the long-term vitality of all food supply the world will be lost forever.
Main Agro biotechnology companies and agricultural industries, 1999.

Total Corporate
Food Sales Seed Sales
Production Agreement (Global) Agro-
Classification sales of chemicals (overall) pharmacist
Sales (his
Original business.) Research and
Investment Development

A. Group Life Sciences (mainly involved in genetic modification of different cultures
plants)

U.S. $ 20.5 billion Aventis $ 4,600,000,000 N / A $ 13.9 billion to three billion dollars a
Novartis
(Syngenta) 20.3 billion dollars $ 2,000,000,000 9.8 4.4 3 billion dollars $ 2,200,000,000
Monsanto (98) 8.6 billion U.S. $ 4 billion 2.8 billion 2 $ 3 $ 1,300,000,000
AstraZeneca
(Syngenta) $ 18400000000-2700000000 of $ $ 6 $ 5 2,900,000,000 14,800,000,000

B. "Industrial Science Group (involved mainly in the production of various
agrochemicals)

U.S. $ 27 billion Bayer $ 3,100,000,000 N / A 6 $ 5 billion 2.1 billion
DuPont $ 26,900,000,000 $ 3,000,000,000 $ 1,600,000,000 on April 1 de $ 1,600,000,000
18.9 billion dollars $ 2,300,000,000 —— Dow —— 0.85 billion U.S. dollars in August
$ 29,500,000,000 BASF —— 9 $ 1,700,000,000 $ 2,500,000,000 $ 1,300,000,000

Biocolonisation: –
Colonization in the past was armed with superior technology. However, the new weapon in the hands of a superpower is a biological and a bit which is the seed GM. When a person loses food self-sufficiency, which is entangled in an addiction to food. Therefore alert 5,00,000 Indian farmers have organized a protest against the new GATT in 1993 and now are opposed to genetically modified seeds, genetically modified agricultural products. European Communities recently got launched the Slow Food movement, which is experiencing rapid growth in a global movement aimed primarily at reducing GM crops modified and keep the decline of biodiversity and
indigenous knowledge on farming techniques, organic-based agricultural biodiversity.
Dependence and slavery: –

The new rules are passed by the orders of the new world, the GATT – WTO, etc, local economic autonomy can not be ignored completely. Foreign companies can buy and have all the local companies, seed water, land and natural resources, convert them into cash exported, pushing local economic dependence and slavery.
Where does the future lead us?
Long ago the philosopher Descartes postulated that space can be universally
or infinitely separated. Not long ago designed the famous Einstein equation E = mc2, which led to the annihilation of two Japanese cities that was the end of World War II. Now is the time of genetic engineering or gene splicing, recombinant DNA technology, the introduction of foreign DNA – the promoters and markers – Genetic modification of all forms of life – for the sake of humanity, but to make money using thanotechnology wrong. destroy global sense prevailed or limit the nuclear weapons that belonged to the two powers. But the madness is spreading rapidly in the form of recombinant DNA technology applications in the world vivo that threatens their existence. Is there a Cartesian approach in a different way?

Is it better to be safe than sorry?
In response to rapid advances in engineering genetic and
applications to the forms of life, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was negotiated and entered into force from September 2003. Protocol
establishing a system governing the international movement of genetically modified organisms
aim to protect global biodiversity from the negative effects of GMOs. The
WTO covers only trade in GMOs, has a different purpose, namely to avoid
limits on the free movement of GMOs. Thus, Protocol in a sense
conflict with the WTO. Therefore, the harmonization of these agreements is
desirable. The idea is that the protocol will be used by WTO as
Proof of the internationally recognized norms relating to GMOs. However,
WTO unlikely to accept the proposal. Is there a solution?

In 1999, approximately 28 million hectares of plantations worldwide were under GE on charges that they were pests, disease resistant and provide food enough to end hunger.

The opinion of others is these crops have been released without sufficient evidence and questioned its long-term safety with respect humans and the environment.

Governments around the world have been in a dilemma, to allow or not allow, a decision most likely strongly influenced by the bureaucrats in the absence of adequate scientific consensus on the issue of threat to the biological world.

On the basis of Convention on Biological Diversity, the Cartagena Protocol, which entered into force as of September 11, 2003 was a regime that regards the international movement of all living modified organisms (LMOs) that contain GMOs and other bodies established by the fusion of cells from different taxonomic categories – in accordance with the precautionary principle.

The Protocol applies to two categories of LMOs: –
1. LMOs intended for release into the environment, such as fish, plants and
seeds, etc. covered by the operational areas.
2. LMOs intended for use in food or feed or for processing, such as cereals,
soy milk, etc.
All living modified organisms are medicines for humans are excluded from the protocol,
has been questioned by States European Union has declared its veto on the United States, but this objection.

Under the Protocol, trade in LMOs with non-parties (such as States States) should be performed the same way as with the parties.

Articles 12.7 of the Protocol, the Agreement (AIA) has described as its backbone requires exporting countries to obtain the consent of the importing country before sending the life of LMOs, for the first time in its national information. The country importer must then acknowledge receipt of the notification and decide whether to accept the shipment within a certain period of time. Under the protocol, an assessment of risk must be carried out for all decisions regarding the acceptance of shipments of LMOs. A party may accept the transfer of certain conditions, prohibit import or request additional information from the exporter. The Protocol also establishes a "Clearing House" for the importing country should provide its decision on the import of a particular LMO within 270 days of the initial notification. However, under the Protocol to the lack of notification does not imply consent.

The United States, even if not a party to the Protocol which exerts a considerable influence on the scope of the protocol in process negotiation. His intention was to ensure that the protocol was as limited as possible effect of protecting the American biotechnology industry. The main objective of United States was to subordinate the Protocol to WTO rules for international trade of GMOs that would not break.

Involving the U.S. the 135 member countries previously divided into two groups ie. Like-Minded Group "for most developing countries, except Argentina, Chile and Uruguay and the "Miami Group", including countries such as Australia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and the United States, exporters and importers of GMOs. Miami Group in favor of a weakness of the Protocol, which does not disrupt international trade of GMOs.

The United States has tried the issue of trade in GMOs moved with the mandate of the WTO. Only the lack of EU support to the WTO forced to lose value against the GMO issue in turn, gave more weight to the Protocol.

At the insistence of the draft protocol of U.S. savings included the clause "A" in the "Preamble", not the "device" and the United States in connection with paragraph 2 and in disregard of the claims, third paragraph of this Treaty shall affect the rights and obligations of governments under WTO rules.

Any conflict between the Protocol and the WTO would likely be subject to the Group of the WTO dispute if a party to the dispute fail has signed the agreement (eg the U.S.). For example, if India, according to the protocol prohibited the import of some GMOs in the United States, States America can make the conflict panel of the WTO dispute indicates that India had violated WTO rules and in such cases the result can be predicted well because the role that body of a dispute is to interpret the WTO agreement and the protocol.
Therefore, the question – Is it better to be safe than sorry? And the answer might be: "What Sorry, it may be too late. "We are half of globalization. We have decided our fate through legislation and policy decisions which perhaps can not go back. However, we have enough of biodiversity that we must support any how and at what cost.

About the Author

Author is an avid natrure analyst,has worked on & written books,research papers and short & large articles on several aspects of the nature such as farming,forest,food and water etc.